The preceding chapters focused on the importance of line, space, light and color. This chapter concentrates more on texture, pattern, time, and motion. Texture concerns the "surface quality"
of art. For example, "actual texture" in the smooth but hard marble surface of Michelangelo's sculpture, known as the "Pieta". Alternatively, Max Ernst used the techniques of "frottage" and "grattage", to create an illusion of actual texture; in works like "Forest and Dove". (This is known as "visual texture" in our text.) Pattern refers to a "repetitive design". Our book has an illustration from the "Lindisfarne Gospels", an early Christian manuscript . It shows the motif of a beautiful Celtic cross and "animalistic" designs. Time's passage can be indicated by telling a story, over a number of panels, as in a Bosch triptych. Or in a sculpture like Bernini's marble sculpture of "David". Motion can be shown in a piece of "kinetic art". Like Calder's "Untitled" metal mobile from 1976. These additional "formal elements" help stimulate other senses, for instance touch, that help us better experience the beauty of art!
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